Producción de carpóforos de macromicetes epigeos en masas ordenadas de Pinus Sylvestris L.

Se estudia la producción otoñal de carpóforos de macromicetes epigeos en masas ordenadas de Pinus sylvestris del Sistema Ibérico Norte (Soria), con el objetivo de obtener criterios básicos de gestión forestal para la conservación de la diversidad y la mejora de la producción de estas especies, de gran importancia para el funcionamiento del bosque y desarrollo socioeconómico de las comunidades rurales. Se parte de un diseño experimental consistente en 18 parcelas permanentes, valladas, de 35x5m2, establecidas al azar en masas monoespecíficas de Pinus sylvestris, pertenecientes a cinco tramos de ordenación correspondientes a las siguientes clases de edad: 1: ≤15 años, 2: 16- 30 años, 3: 31-50 años, 4: 51-70 años, 5: >70 años. Se ubicaron en un área de 1.750 ha, homogénea en vegetación, fisiografía y suelo. Se muestreó la producción de carpóforos macromicetes desde la semana 35 a la 50, durante los años 1995 al 2004. Usando el paquete estadístico SAS/STAT v8.02, se estima la producción media estratificada semanal y otoñal para cada especie fúngica y clase de edad, y se analizan variables de producción y diversidad en los respectivos tramos de ordenación siguiendo el procedimiento GLM. Se inventariaron un total de 119 taxones macromicetes epigeos, de los que el 60,5% fueron micorrícicos y el 39,5% saprobios, conservándose exsiccáta en el herbario JCYL-FUNGI (Soria). La producción media de las masas estudiadas fue de 151,7±12,5 kg/ha, registrando una acusada variabilidad interanual, con un 60% de otoños malos, un 20% de regulares y un 20% de buenos. Septiembre generó el 18% de la producción de carpóforos, octubre el 63% y noviembre el 19%. La producción y diversidad de carpóforos de macromicetes micorrícicos registró un descenso significativo tras corta de regeneración, recuperándose entre los 16-30 años posteriores a niveles no significativamente diferentes de los obtenidos en masas maduras. Los macromicetes saprobios, no mostraron diferencias significativas con la edad, en el contexto de gestión forestal de las masas estudiadas. Se registraron 45 taxones comestibles con una producción media de 51,5±8,9 kg/ha. Las especies de mayor interés socioeconómico fueron Boletus edulis con 40,3 ±12,2 kg/ha y Lactarius deliciosus con 9,9 ±3,5 kg/ha. El estudio ha sido realizado en el DIEF Valonsadero de la Junta de Castilla y León, en el marco del Proyecto RTA03-046 “Estudio para la ordenación del recurso micológico en masas de Pinus sylvestris L.” SUMMARY It is studied the autumn production of epigeous macromycetes sporocarps in managed forests of Pinus sylvestris in the North Iberian Mountain Range (Soria), with the aim of obtaining basic criteria to preserve the diversity and improve the production of these species of great importance for forest evolution and the socio-economic development of the rural communities. An experimental design was used that consisted in 18 fenced permanent plots of 35x5m2 established at random inside monospecific forests of Pinus sylvestris. These belonged to 5 management blocks, corresponded to different age ranges (≤15 years, 16-30 years, 31-50 years, 51-70 years and >70 years) and were located in an area of 1750 ha, homogeneous in vegetation, physiography and soil. The sporocarps production was inventoried from the 35 to the 50 weeks between 1995 and 2004. Using the statistical program SAS/STAT v8.02, it was estimated the stratified average production of each fungus species and age range weekly and yearly (autumn) and it was analyzed the production and diversity variables in each management block according to the GLM procedure. A total of 119 epigeous macromycetes taxons were determined, a 60,5 % of them were mycorrhizal and a 39,5% saprobe that were kept exsiccata in the JCYL-FUNGI herbarium (Soria). The average production of the forests studied was 151,7 ± 12,5 kg/ha; a high interannual variability was registered with a 60% of bad autumns, a 20% of average ones and a 20% of good ones. September generated an 18% of carpophore production, October a 63% and November a 19%. The production and diversity of epigeous macromycetes sporocarps registered a significant decrease after a clearcutting, and recovered in the 16 to 30 following years to levels not significantly different to those obtained in mature stands. The saprobes macromycetes did not show significant differences with age in relation to the forest management of the studied stands. 45 edible taxons were registered with an average production of 51,5 ± 8,9 kg/ha. The main socioeconomic species were Boletus edulis with 40,3 ± 12,2 Kg/ha and Lactarius deliciosus with 9,9 ± 3,5 Kg/ha. This study has been carried out in the Valonsadero Forest Research Department belonged to the Castilla y León government, in the framework of the RTA03-046 Project: “A study for the management of mycological resources in forests of Pinus sylvestris L

A gain-scheduled LPV control for oxygen stoichiometry regulation in PEM fuel cell systems

The article addresses the LPV control of a Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC). In order to optimize efficiency, PEMFCs require reliable control systems ensuring stability and performance, as well as robustness to model uncertainties and external perturbations. On the other hand, PEMFCs present a highly nonlinear behavior that demands nonlinear and/or adaptive control strategies to achieve high performance in the entire operating range. Here, a linear parameter varying (LPV) gain scheduled control is proposed. The control is based on a piecewise affine LPV representation of the PEMFC, a model that can be available in practice. In order to deal with the saturation of the control action, an LPV anti-windup compensation is also proposed. The complete control strategy is applied to several experimental practical situations in a laboratory fuel cell system to evaluate its performance and the reliability of the proposed algorithms.The research of F.D. Bianchi was supported by the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF, FEDER Programa Competitivitat de Catalunya 2007-2013). The research of C. Kunusch has been supported by the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community through the Marie Curie actions (GA: PCIG09-GA-2011-293876) and project Puma-Mind (GA: FCH-JU-2011-1-303419), as well as by the CICYT project DPI2011-25649 (MICINN-Spain). The research of C. Ocampo-Martinez has been supported by the project MACPERCON (Ref. 201250E027) of the CSIC. The research of R.S. Sánchez Peña has been supported by CONICET and grant PICT2008-290 from the PRH Program of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation of Argentina.Peer Reviewe

Fault-tolerant unfalsified control for PEM fuel cell systems

The article addresses the implementation of a data-driven control strategy in a real test bench based on proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The proposed control scheme is based on Unfalsified Control (UC), which allows adapting in real-time the control law by evaluating the performance specifications based only on measured input-output data. This approach is especially suitable to deal with non-linearity, model uncertainty and also possible faults that may occur in PEMFCs. The control strategy has been applied to several experimental practical situations in order to evaluate not only the system performance but also different fault scenarios. The experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed approach to regulate the oxygen stoichiometry in real-time operation as well as to maintain a proper system performance under fault situations. Also, a start-up mass-flow controller is added in order to bring the system towards its normal operating conditions.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author’s final draft

Guía para realizar pruebas de laboratorio en materiales para terracerias y pavimentos

1 archivo PDF (69 páginas)"Se describen las pruebas que pueden considerarse indispensables realizar a los materiales susceptibles de utilizarse en la tecnología de las vías terrestres, pruebas que proporcionan los datos necesarios para conocer la calidad de los suelos, la humedad óptima, y poder calcular el grado de compactación, así como el comportamiento al ejercer sobre él cargas dinámicas, parámetros que nos ayudan en el diseño de los espesores de la diversas capas en que quedará estructurada una obra vial, tales como el cuerpo del terraplén, sub-rasante, sub-base, base y carpeta, tratándose de carreteras y aeropuertos, o el sub-balasto y balasto en ferrocarriles.

Waste and Recycled Textiles as Reinforcements of Building Materials

Currently, the use of composite materials in the construction areas has had a great impact on the society; mainly, those related with sustainability and environment aspects. Daily proposals aimed at overcoming the properties of traditional materials that arise, which include emergent materials either from waste or recycled products. One of them is related to the textile materials, which include fibers such as wool, hemp, linen, and cotton. In the past decade, special attention has been focused on the used clothes, which represent a source of raw materials environmentally responsible and economically profitable. Textile materials are discarded daily around the world, representing approximately 1.5% of the generated waste. Blue jeans are the most used clothing in the world, and they are elaborated by one of the most commonly used natural textile fibers—cotton. Textile materials have been reused in different applications, for example, in the production of poor-quality wires, crushed to manufacture noise and temperature insulation materials, and as fillers or reinforcements of concrete. In this chapter, different topics are described that include: (a) environmental impact of textile waste—a result of massive consumption of clothing, (b) recycling and reuse of textile waste, and (c) waste and recycled textile materials used as building materials

Estudio prospectivo de las oportunidades empresariales y emprendedoras para los jóvenes del municipio de Soacha, que permitan la inclusión en la productividad de la región.

El estudio describe las oportunidades que el sector empresarial y centros de emprendimiento del municipio de Soacha pueden brindar a los jóvenes contribuyendo a la inclusión de los mismos en la productividad de la región. Tiene como finalidad la investigación y selección de oportunidades que las empresas del municipio de Soacha (Cundinamarca) y Centros de emprendimiento del mismo municipio, ofrecen a los jóvenes del municipio para incorporarlos en la productividad de la región. El estudio brinda herramientas a los jóvenes del municipio de Soacha para que direccionen las capacidades, habilidades y destrezas de acuerdo a las expectativas empresariales de la región.The study describes the opportunities that the business sector and entrepreneurship centers in the municipality of Soacha can offer to young people by contributing to their inclusion in the productivity of the region. It aims to research and select opportunities that companies from the municipality of Soacha (Cundinamarca) and Entrepreneurship Centers of the same municipality, offer to the youth of the municipality to incorporate them in the productivity of the region. The study provides tools for young people in the municipality of Soacha to direct skills, abilities and skills according to the region’s business expectations

Recovery of cotton fibers from waste Blue-Jeans and its use in polyester concrete

Se estudia el efecto de agregar fibras de algodón, provenientes de pantalones de mezclilla de desecho, en concreto polimérico elaborado con resina poliéster.Currently, the consumer tendency causes that the garments are dismissed more quickly, which generate increment of textile waste, such as Blue-Jeans. In this work, polyester concrete with waste cotton fibers was elaborated, and a novel treatment by gamma irradiation was carried out. The results show up to 40% improvement on the compressive strength, as well as 7% on the flexural strength. Additional improvements for irradiated concrete were obtained, when 300 kGy of irradiation dose was applied. Modifications on the surface, chemical structural and crystallinity of irradiated waste cotton fibers, were related with improvements on the mechanical properties of concrete

Comunidad de ectomicorrizas en una plantación adulta productora de trufa negra

Producción CientíficaThe truffle-plantation «Los Quejigares» was planted in 1971 by AROTZ-CATESA company. It is a 600 ha plot of Quercus ilexmycorrhizated with Tuber melanosporum at 1,250 m a.s.l. on calcareous soil. This plantation is the largest of the world and one of the eldest truffle-plantations of Spain and it is in full production. Knowledge of the mycorrhizal status of a mature black truffle plantation is significant for the improvement of truffle cultivation. Ectomycorrhizae were studied for knowing T. melanosporum persistence and diversity and abundance of other ectomycorrhizal types. Roots of 16 holmoaks were sampled, 12 trees produce truffle sporocarps and four did not. It was found a mean of about 35% of T. melanosporum ectomycorrhizae in the studied trees, being this significantly higher in the productive trees. Also, 105 more different ectomycorrhizal types were found. In spite of the high number of morphotypes found, it seems that they do not replace T. melanosporum, showing that there is a coexistence between species in the fungal community associated to the roots.La plantación trufera «Los Quejigares» fue establecida en 1971 por la empresa AROTZ-CATESA. Es una parcela de 600 ha de plantas de Quercus ilex micorrizadas con Tuber melanosporum, que está situada a 1.250 m de altitud sobre suelo calizo. Esta plantación es la más grande del mundo, además de una de las más antiguas de España, y se encuentra en plena producción de trufa negra. El conocimiento del estado micorrícico de las plantaciones truferas maduras es importante para mejorar las técnicas aplicadas en la truficultura. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer la persistencia de T. melanosporum y la diversidad y abundancia de otras ectomicorrizas que conviven con esta especie. Se muestrearon las raíces de 16 encinas, de las que 12 producían carpóforos de trufa y cuatro no. El porcentaje medio de micorrización por T. melanosporum en los árboles estudiados fue del 35%, éste porcentaje fue significativamente más alto en los árboles productores. Además, se encontraron 105 tipos de ectomicorrizas. A pesar del alto número de morfotipos encontrados, parece que éstos no producen el desplazamiento de T. melanosporum, mostrando que es posible la coexistencia entre diferentes especies pertenecientes a la comunidad de hongos asociadas a las raíces de los árboles.Este estudio fue apoyado por LIFE99ENVE00035